Constans II, a grandson of Heraclius, the founder of the Heraclian Dynasty, ascended the Byzantine throne at only 11 years old in 641. In the following years, when the emperor was underage, the Byzantine senate exercised great political influence for the last time in Byzantine history.
The senators, who were officially acting as imperial advisors, effectively led the official functions. Despite the emperor’s vehement attempts to defend his empire against Arabs invading from the east, he suffered many bitter defeats and could not stop the advance of his opponents.
With the defeat in the Battle of Phoenix against the newly established Arab fleet, the Byzantine fleet also lost its aura of invincibility.
When he died in 668, the hegemony of the Byzantine Empire in the Mediterranean region was a thing of the past. The gold Solidus was minted in Constantinople. It depicts Constans and his son on the obverse, and the Holy Cross on the reverse.
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